Myeloma

Overview

Myeloma, also known as myeloma, is a type of blood cancer that begins in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infection by producing antibodies. In myeloma, these plasma cells grow uncontrollably in the bone marrow, leading to weakened bones, reduced immunity, and other complications. Although myeloma is not very common, it can have a significant impact on your health, especially since it often goes undetected until it has progressed. Dr. Irfan Malik is trying to manage this dangerous condition with professional care.

Symptoms of myeloma

The symptoms of myeloma can vary greatly, and some people may not notice any symptoms in the early stages. However, as the disease progresses, typical symptoms may include:

• Bone pain: This is often the most noticeable symptom, especially in the back, ribs, and hips. Cancer cells weaken the bones, making them more susceptible to pain and fractures.
• Common infections: Myeloma affects the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight infections. Frequent colds, sinus infections, or other illnesses can be signs of myeloma.
• Fatigue: Low red blood cell count, a condition called anemia, can result from myeloma and cause chronic fatigue.
• High calcium: As myeloma weakens the bones, calcium can be released into the blood, leading to high calcium levels. This can cause symptoms such as nausea, thirst, constipation, and confusion.
• Kidney problems: Myeloma can lead to kidney damage because proteins produced by cancer cells accumulate in the kidneys, limiting their ability to function properly.

When to see a consultant

You should consider seeing your doctor if you notice any of the following symptoms, especially if they persist:

• Unexplained bone pain or fractures, especially if they do not go away with rest.
• Repeated infections, even with proper hygiene and a healthy lifestyle.
• Constant tiredness or weakness that makes it difficult to carry out daily activities.
• Symptoms of high calcium levels such as excessive thirst, nausea, or confusion.
• Swelling in the legs or decreased urination, may indicate kidney problems.

Early diagnosis and treatment of myeloma can help control symptoms and slow the progression of the disease, so it is essential to see a doctor when these symptoms occur.

Causes of myeloma

Although the exact cause of myeloma remains unknown, several risk factors can increase your risk of developing the disease:

• Age: Myeloma occurs most often in people over 60, and the risk increases with age.
• Gender: Men are slightly more likely to develop myeloma than women.
• Family history: A family history of myeloma or other blood cancers may increase your risk.
• Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals: Some studies suggest that people exposed to radiation or certain chemicals, such as benzene, are at greater risk.

Despite these risk factors, it is important to remember that many people at risk for myeloma do not develop myeloma, and those without known risk factors can develop myeloma.

Myeloma diagnosis

To diagnose myeloma, healthcare providers use a variety of tests because it can be difficult to detect:

• Blood tests: Blood tests are often the first step. These tests can detect abnormal proteins in the blood produced by myeloma cells and also check for anemia or high calcium levels.
• Urine test: A urine test detects Bence-Jones protein, a specific protein often released by myeloma cells.
• Imaging tests: X-rays, MRI, or CT scans can show bone damage caused by myeloma, such as bone weakness or fractures.
• Bone marrow biopsy: In this test, a small sample of bone marrow is taken and examined for myeloma cells. This is often the most definitive way to diagnose myeloma.

Treatment Options for Myeloma

While there’s no complete cure for myeloma, treatments can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment plans vary based on the stage of myeloma, age, and overall health:

• Targeted Therapy: Targeted drugs focus on specific abnormalities in the myeloma cells, helping to control cancer growth with fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy.
• Chemotherapy: Traditional chemotherapy drugs kill fast-growing cells, including myeloma cells. Chemotherapy is often used before a stem cell transplant.
• Stem Cell Transplant: A stem cell transplant involves replacing damaged bone marrow with healthy cells. This procedure is typically used in younger patients with aggressive myeloma and involves a high-dose chemotherapy regimen.
• Radiation Therapy: Radiation targets specific areas affected by myeloma, such as bones with tumors or pain, to reduce symptoms and improve comfort.
• Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy uses the body’s immune system to recognize and attack myeloma cells. These newer treatments are sometimes used if other treatments aren’t effective.
• Supportive Treatments: Pain relievers, bone-strengthening medications, and lifestyle changes can help manage the effects of myeloma, improving comfort and quality of life.